Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance occurs when cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Over time, the pancreas may not be able to produce enough insulin to compensate for this resistance. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor diet. T2D can lead to long-term complications affecting the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys.
Clinical Evaluation
Symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores or infections.
Physical Examination: Measurement of blood glucose levels. Evaluation of blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference.
Diagnostic Tests
Glucose Tests: Fasting plasma glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test, random plasma glucose test.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test: Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
Other Tests: Lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides), kidney function tests, liver function tests.
Increased thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria).
Increased hunger (polyphagia) despite eating.
Fatigue and weakness.
Blurred vision.
Slow-healing sores or frequent infections.
Areas of darkened skin, especially around the neck or armpits (acanthosis nigricans).
Erectile dysfunction (in men).
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet.
Management of Type 2 Diabetes aims to control blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of complications:
Lifestyle Modifications: Healthy eating plan, regular physical activity, weight management.
Oral Medications: Antidiabetic drugs such as metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, or GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Insulin Therapy: In some cases, insulin injections may be necessary if oral medications are not sufficient.
Blood Glucose Monitoring: Regular testing to monitor blood sugar levels and adjust treatment as needed.
Education and Support: Diabetes self-management education (DSME) to learn about diabetes management, including monitoring, medication, and lifestyle adjustments.
Complication Prevention: Monitoring for and managing complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye problems.
Psychosocial Support: Counseling and support groups to address the emotional and psychological aspects of living with diabetes.